Vocabulary: Unit 4: Justice

Law and justice: adjectives
Guilty: culpable
Innocent: inocente

Law and justice: nouns
Court: tribunal
Crime: crimen
Criminal: criminal
Detective: detective
Evidence: pruebas
Judge: juez
Jury: jurado
Justice: justícia
Law: ley
Lawyer: abogado
Punishment: castigo
Sentence: sentencia
Victim: víctima
Witness: testimonio

Law and justice: verbs
Arrest: arrestar
Commit (a crime): cometer un crimen
Investigate: investigar
Prove: demostrar

Compound nouns
Bus stop: parada de autobús
Care home: residencia
Community service: servicios a la comunitat
Defense lawyer: abogado defensor
Detective series: series de detectives
Exam result: Resultado de un examen
Football team: equipo de futbol
Police car: coche de policia
School building: edificio escolar
Summer holiday: vacanciones de verano
Traffic lights: semaforos

Crimes and criminals
Burglar: ladrón ( en una casa)
Burglary: robatorio  
Burgle: robar                                                                                                       
Kidnap:  raptar
Kidnapper: secuestrador
Kidnapping: secuestro
Mug: atracar (a alguien)
Mugger: atracador
Mugging: atraco
Murder (noun): asesinato   
Murder (verb): asesinar
Murderer: asesino
Rob: robar (a building, someone)
Robber: ladrón
Robbery: robatorio
Shoplift:robar en tienda
Shoplifter: ladrón de tiendas
Shoplifting: hurto
Steal: robar (something)
Theft: robatorio (something)
Thief: ladrón (something)
Vandal: vandalo (something)
Vandalism: vandalismo (something)
Vandalize: destrozar (something)

Vocabulary: Unit 3: Travel and adventure

Travel and adventure: verbs
Book: reservar
Catch (a plane): coger(un avió)
Explore: explorar
Go (swimming): ir a (nadar)
Go on an adventure: ir a una aventura
Go on holiday: ir de vacaciones
Hire: alquilar
Pack: hacer la maleta
Spend (a day): pasar (un dia)
Sunbathe: tomar el sol
Take a trip: ir de viaje
Take a photograph: hacer una fotografia

Travel and adventure: nouns
Bungee jump: puenting
Crevasse: “esquerda”
Desert: desierto
Summit: cima
Sunburn: quemadura del Sol
Suntan: bronceado
Survival: superviviente
Travel agent: agente de viatge

Noun suffixes
Ability: capacidad
Ambition: ambición
Caution: prudéncia
Determination: determinación
Encouragement: ànimo, estímulo
Endurance: fortaleza, resisténcia
Enjoyment: placer
Happiness: felicidad
Imagination: imaginación
Inspiration: inspiración
Patience: paciéncia
Performance: representación
Reality: realidad
Toughness: dureza
Violence: violéncia
Weakness: debilidad

Reported statements: other changes; reported commands and request; reported questions; reporting verbs

When we convert direct speech into reported speech:

        -Most modal verbs(for exemple, should, could, would, might, ought to) do not change.

                You should report the theft---> she said that I should reported the theft.

                The burglar could still be in the house--->He said that the burglar could still be in the house.

        -pronouns usually change

                I'm watching you--->He said that he was watching me

                We'll take you to the scene of the crime--->She said that they would take me to the scene of the crime

        -expressions of time and place usually change

                We can't stay in here tonight--->He said that they couldn't stay there taht night.

Reported commands and requests

In direct speech, we use the imperative to give commands and make requests. When this changed to reported speech, we use the following structures:

                        -Commands: tell + object + infinitive (with to)

                        -requests: ask + object + infinitive (with to)

               For example: Watch the door!--->The lawyer told the court to watch the door

                                    Please can you explain?--->The lawyer asked the judge to explain.

If we want to make a negative command or request in reported speech, we put not before the infinitive (with to):

  subject + verb + object + not + infinitive (with to)

For example: Don't anything--->The detective told us not to touch anyhing.

                     Please don't send my client to prison--->The lawyer asked the judge not to send his client to prison.

There are other verbs taht we can use to give commands and make requests in reported speech. For example: advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn.

        For example: You should tell the police---> My friend advised me to tell the police.

                             Don't forget to lock your car---> She reminded us to lock our car.

Reported questions

Reported questions have a different word urder from direct questions. They use the same word order as affirmative sentences:

Verb + subject (direct question)---> subject + verb(reported question)

What's your name? he asked---> he asked (her) what her name was.

We do not use do/did/ does in reported questions.

 Do you recognize the suspect?---> They asked if she recognized the suspect.

If a direct question uses question word (for example who, why, when, how, what) we repeat the question word in the reported question.

When will you finish the book?---> He asked (her) when she would finish the book.

What are you reading?---> He asked (her) what she was reading.

If a direct question does not use question words (who, why, when, how, what), we use if or whether in the reported question.

Can I see your driving licence?---> The detective asked him

If/whether she could see his driving licence.

Were you at the art gallery?---> She asked him if/ whether he had been at the art gallery.

DON'T FORGET!!!

We do not use question marks(?) in reported speech.

 What are you doing?---> they asked us what we were doing.

Reporting verbs

We can use many different verbs to introduce  reported speech.

They take the following patterns:

                   -Verb + object + infinitive (with to). These are usually the verbs we use in reported commands and requests, when one person asks another to do something. They include: ask, advise, invite, order, remind, tell, encourage, persuade, warn.

  Whatever you do, don't touch the gun!---> He warned e not to touch the gun

                  -verb + infinitive (with to). These verbs include: agree, offer, promise, refuse.

   I'll drive you to the police station---> He offered to drive me to the police station.

   No, we won't help you---> They refused to help us.

                  -verb (+that) + subject + verb in reporting tense. These verbs include: admit, declare, explain, insist, promise, recommend, reply, reveal, say, suggest, add. In informal language, we can usually omit that

   Why don't you get a burglar alarm---> She suggested(that) we got a burglar alarm.  

    You need to call this number---> He explained (to me) (that) i needded to call that number.

                 -verb + for + -ing: apologixe for

   I'm sorry I was rude---> she apologized for being rude

DON'T FORGET

The reporting verbs say and tell have the same meaning, but their use is different:

    -say(+that) + reported speech

    -tell + indirect object (+that) + reported speech

    The police officer said (that) they had found the vandals.

    The police officer told me that they had found the vandals.          

Unit 4: Reported speech

Reported speech

We use reported speech to report what another person has said, without quoting their exact words.

              

           Direct speech--->Reported speech

I'm a witness to a crime ---> He said that he was a witness to a crime

In formal language, we use that to begin the clause that  contains the reported speech. In informal language, we can omit that.

I'm going to call the police, said the man---> The man said (that) he was going to call the police.

Remember that we don't use inverted commas('...') in reported speech.

There has been a burglary, said the police officer---> The police officer said (taht) there had been a burglary.

Reported statements: tense changes

When we convert direct speech into reported speech, we change the tense of the main verb by putting it one step further into the past.
  For exemple: I babysat for him for many years---> She said that she had babysat for him for many years.

DON'T FORGET!!

We don't change the past perfect simple in reported speech

Linkers of result

We can use the following linkers to talk about the result or effect of something: so...that, such...that. We use these linkers in the following ways:

                 -So + adjetive + that clause

                For exemple:   It's so cold today that I had to borrow a snow coat.

                 -so + adverd + that clause

                For exemple: Sometimes the temperatures fails so quickly that my breath freezes instanly.

                  -such + a(n) + adjetive + singular noun + that clause.

                For exemple: It's such a beautiful country that I'd like to say till Christmas.

                  -such + adjetive + uncountable noun + that clause.

                For exemple: It has such bad weather that it's often too dangerous to go out.

Linkers of purpose an reason

We can use the following linkers to talk about the purpose of an action: in order (not) to, so as (not) to, so , to. We use linkers in the following ways:

                -To/ in order(not) to)/ so as (not) to + infinitive. These all have the same meaning, but you can't use to in the negative. In order (not) to and so as not are common in more formal English.

                  For exemple: I hired a car to tour the island.

                                       I started the website in order to save money.

                                       He went to Alaska so as to experience something new.

                -So/ so that + clause. These have the same meaning. We often omit the wolr that in informal or spoken English. We often use these linkers with can/can't/could/will/won't/ wouldn't.

                   For exemple: I'd love to go to alaska so i can have a white Chrismas!

                                       He took a notebook so that he could write about his holiday.

We can use the following lnkers to talk about the reason for an action or event: as, because, because of, since. We use these linkers in the following ways:

                -as/ because/ since + clause.

                                  For exemple:  As the flight was cancelled, we stayed an extra night. James started the website because he wanted to travel.

               -because of + noun/ noun phrase.

                                  For exemple:  He couldn't go jet-skiing because of the bad weather

                                 

                

             

Unit 3: Complex clauses and linkers

Complex clauses
Acomplex clauses gives us extra information about a sentence. It is introduced by a linking word or phrase, for example: although, so that. These words and phrases are also known as "linkers".
Complex clauses can express a range of meanings depending on the linkier that is used. For example:



        -Contrast: Linkers include: although, though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that



        -Purpose: Linkers include: so (that)



        -Reason: Linkes include: because, as, since



        -Result: Linkers include: so....that, such...that






Don't Forget!!!
When a comlex clause begins a sentence, we use a comma to separate the two clauses:
He still did the bungee jump although he was scared.
BUT Although he was scared, he still did the bungee jump



Linkers of contrast

We can use the following linkers to express a contrast: although, though, despite the fact that, in spite of, in spite of the fact that. We can these linkers in the following ways:

       -Although/ though + clause. Although and though have the same meaning, but though is more common in informal English.

                  For exemple: So far James visited five countrues, although he has only spent ten euros!

                                       Though the website started recently, James has had lots of offers.

        -Despite the fact that/ in spite of the fact that + clauses.

                 For exemple: We baught the tickets despite th fact that they were expensive

                                      In spite of the fact that he has very little monet. James has travelled a lot.

        -Despite/ in spite of + noun/ pronoun or gerund.

                 For exemple: In spite of all the discounts affered by travel agents, going on holiday can still be expensive.

                 Despite having little money Jams Beck has found a way to travel the wold for free!